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A  UTHOR 


,  THOMAS  JAMES 


TITLE: 


STUDY  OF  THE  EASTERN 
ORTHODOX  CHURCH 


PLACE: 


NEW  YORK 


DA  TE : 


[PREF.  1911] 


Master  Negative  # 


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Lacey,  Thomas  James »  1870- 

A  study  of  the  Eastern  orthodox,  churoh 
Yorkf  Gorham,  £pref«  1911 j« 

58  p.,  front.,  plates ( ports •)  18  om# 


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PATRIARCH    OF    CONSTANTINOPLE. 

fCourtesy  of  the  Churchman.) 


i| 


I 


PATRIARCH    OF    CONSTANTINOPLE 

(Courtesy  of  the  Churchman.) 


A  STUDY  OF  THE 
EASTERN  ORTHODOX  CHURCH 


BY 


Thomas  James  Lacey 

RECTOR    OF 

The    Church    of    the    Eedeemer 

BROOKLYN.     NEW  YORK 


EDWIN  S    GOPHAM, 

NE'V  YORK. 


^  3 ' -  •  ^' 


C!|:p  2     Iflt? 


« I    •  (  «   •  •  • 


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*  I  III 
•  •  .  I     •       *     t    : 

'  «   •        «      I  t 

•  •  .  «     I 


BY  THE   SAME  AUTHOR 


THE  GOSPEL  OF  OPTIMISM 


BEGINNING  AT  JERUSALEM 


TO 


The  Bishop  of  Harrisburg 


IN 


Warm  Admiration 

OF 

His  Statesmanlike  Interest 

IN  THE  CAUSE  OF 

CHRISTIAN  UNITY 


THIS    LITTLE    VOLUME    IS    INSCRIBED    WITH 
PROFOUND    VENERATION 


CONTENTS 


PREFACE 


THE  ANCIENT  PATEIARCHATES 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


THE  ORTHODOX  IN  AMERICA 


PREFACE. 


Y  iuterest  in  the  Eastern  Church  began  twenty  years 
^X  ago  at  Griswold  College  in  Iowa,  where  I  came  under 
the  instruction  of  the  late  Chas.  R.  Hale,  whose  name  I 
mention  in  the  spirit  of  the  classic  lines: 

*•  llic  ego  centenas  ausim  deposcere  voces 
rt  quantum  niihi  te  sinuoso  in  pectore  flxi 
Voce  trahaiu." 

A  master  of  many  languages  and  a  profound  liturgical 
acholar,  Dr.  Hale  directed  his  ripe  learning  to  a  study  of 
the  religious  movements  of  the  East.  As  secretary  of  the 
commission  on  ecclesiastical  relations  he  corresponded  with 
the  Patriarchs  and  with  the  :Metroi)olitan  of  Athens.  The 
oummunications  that  passed  between  the  churches  at  inter- 
vals beginning  with  1872  form  an  interesting  chapter  in  our 
history.  Visiting  Alexandria  in  1885,  Dr.  Hale  saw  framed  in 
the  reception  room  of  the  patriarch's  palace  the  engrossed 
letters  which  he  himself  had  sent  some  years  before  on  be- 


10 


PREFACE 


half  of  the  American  Church.  At  Jerusalem  he  was  ac- 
corded the  privilege  of  celebrating  the  eucharist  in  the 
chapel  of  the  Monastery  of  Abraham. 

During  my  ministry  I  have  been  brought  into  freijuent 
contact  with  the  Eastern  Church  in  its  various  brandies 
and  my  veneration  has  deepened  with  more  intimate  knowl- 
edge. Bishop  Raphael  is  my  neighbor  and  his  devoted  work 
among  the  Syrian  people  has  won  my  admiration.  His 
friendly  attitude  toward  our  communion  was  manifest  by 
his  presence  recently  in  the  sanctuary  of  my  church.  He 
visited  the  last  General  Convention  and  I  venture  to  believe 
that  his  letter  setting  forth  the  conditions  under  which  the 
Syrian  Orthodox  may  receive  the  sacraments  at  the  hands 
of  our  clergy  will  establish  a  far-reaching  precedent. 

We  have  been  accustomed  to  regard  the  Eastern  Church 
as  very  remote.  In  ISCtS  our  Russo-Greek  committee  was 
cautious  about  entering  into  relations  with  a  communion 
so  little  known  and  so  far  away.  It  had  no  adherents  in 
this  country.  It  was  separated  from  us  by  the  great  oceans 
of  the  world.  There  was  no  opportunity  to  observe  its 
worship  and  rites.  Its  theological  literature  was  inacces- 
sible. 

The  earlier  immigration  to  America  was  Celtic  or  Teu- 
tonic, closely  allied  to  us  in  history,  customs,  religious  tra- 


THE    BISHOP    OF    SOUTHERN    FLORIDA. 


10 


PREFACE 


half  of  the  Ainericaii  Church.  At  .h'nisaleni  lie  wai  ac- 
c-orded  the  in-ivlle^'e  of  celebrating  the  eueharist  in  the 
ehapel  of  the  Monastery  i>f  Abraham. 

During  my  ministry  1  have  been  brought  into  frequent 
contact  with  the  Eastern  I 'hurch  in  its  various  l)ranches 
and  my  veneration  lias  deeitened  with  more  intimate  knowl- 
edge. Bishop  IIai»hael  is  my  neighbor  and  liis  devoted  work 
among  the  Syrian  i>coiile  has  won  my  admiration.  Ilis 
friendly  attitude  toward  our  eonununion  was  manifest  by 
ills  presence  recently  in  the  sanctuary  of  my  church.  He 
visited  the  last  General  Convention  and  I  venture  to  believe 
that  his  letter  setting  forth  the  conditions  under  which  the 
Syrian  Orthodox  may  receive  the  sacraments  at  the  hands 
of  our  clergy  will  estalilish  a  far-reaching  precedent. 

We  have  l)een  accustomeil  to  regard  the  Eastern  Church 
as  very  remote.  In  is»;s  our  Kusso-Greek  committee  was 
cautious  about  entering  into  relations  with  a  eonununion 
so  little  known  and  so  far  away.  It  had  no  adherents  in 
this  country.  It  was  sei)arated  from  us  by  the  great  oceans 
of  the  world.  There  was  no  opportunity  to  observe  its 
worship  and  rites.  Its  theological  literatiu'e  was  inacces- 
sible. 

The  earlier  immlgratiou  to  America  was  Celtic  or  Teu- 
touic,  closely  allied  to  us  in  history,  customs,  religious  tra- 


THE    BISHOP    OF    SOUTHERN    FLORIDA. 


PREFACE 


11 


dltloiis  and  Ideals,  but  for  some  years  past  the  Incoming 
tide  has  been  chietly  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe — 
Latin,  Greek,  Slavic.  The  transplanting  of  the  Orthodox 
Church  to  our  shores  is  a  development  of  this  immigration. 
To-day  it  is  represented  everywhere:  in  our  large  cities, 
in  the  New  England  towns,  in  the  mines  and  shops  of  the 
mid- west,  on  the  Pacitlc  slope,  on  the  gulf  coast.  Its 
liturgy  is  celebrated  in  New  York  in  three  languages.  Its 
growth  has  been  extraordinary  and  it  is  destined  to  become 
an  important  factor  in  the  religious  life  of  the  United 
States.  Our  study  has  a  sociological  as  well  as  a  religious 
and  an  historical  interest. 

The  existence  in  our  midst  of  growing  congregations  of 
Orthodox,  representing  the  most  ancient  communion  of 
Christendom,  not  only  witnesses  to  the  strength  of  our 
position  against  the  Roman  pretensions  but  affords  the  op- 
portunity of  that  mutual  acquaintance  and  service  which 
must  precede  and  prepare  the  way  for  organic  union. 

Recent  years  afford  numerous  illustrations  of  friendli- 
ues*  between  our  own  church  and  the  East.  In  the  spring 
of  1908  the  Bishop  of  Southern  Florida  was  in  the  holy 
land.  He  bore  a  letter  of  greeting  from  the  House  of 
Bishops  and  was  granted  an  audience  by  Damianos,  the 
Patriarch  of   Jerusalem,   who  received   the   communication 


PREFACE 


graciously,  welcomed  the  bishop  and  bis  company  cordially 
and  gave  each  one  a  necklace  and  his  photograph.  Bishop 
Gray  carried  on  a  lengthy  conversation  through  an  inter- 
preter. Finally  the  patriarch  knelt,  offered  prayer  and 
pronounced  the  benediction.  The  spirit  of  the  interview  Is 
significant  of  the  sympathetic  approach  of  the  two  churches. 
There  is  a  mutual  yearning  for  and  reaching  after  unity 
in  God's  own  time  and  in  Ills  own  way. 

From  the  East  come  many  evidences  of  good  will.  The 
Greek  patriarch  attended  the  consecration  of  the  English 
Church  in  Jerusalem  last  full.  A  voice  is  heard  from 
Smyrna,  Illustrious  through  Polycarp  the  martyr.  Chrysos- 
tom,  archbishop  of  this  ancient  see,  has  issued  a  remarkable 
document  asserting  his  conviction  of  the  validity  of  Angli- 
can orders  and  as  this  goes  to  press  there  comes  the  account 
of  the  reception  accorded  our  distinguished  layman,  Mr. 
Silas  ArcBee,  by  rei^rcsfntatives  of  the  Eastern  Church. 

The  papers  gathered  in  tliis  little  volume  are  a  humble 
contribution  to  the  fullillment  of  the  consummation  so 
fondly  cherished  "  that  all  may  be  one." 

TT     T 

Church  of  the  Redeemer, 

Brooklyn. 

Feast   of    the   Transfiguration 

of  Our  Blessed  Ix>rd, 

1911. 


THE    PATRIARCH    OF    ALEXANDRIA. 


12 


PKEFACE 


grHiiuusly,  welcomed  the  bishop  and  hU  eonipaiiy  cordially 
Hiul  gave  each  oue  a  necklace  and  his  pliotograph.  Bishop 
(iray  carried  ou  a  lengthy  coiiversathm  throujfh  an  iuter- 
preter.  Finally  tlie  patriarch  knelt,  <»tTered  prayer  and 
prononnced  the  benediction.  The  spirit  of  the  interview  is 
siijnilicant  of  the  synii>nthetic  aiiiiroacli  of  the  two  churches. 
There  is  a  mutual  yearning  for  and  reaching  after  unity 
in  God's  own  time  and  in  His  own  way. 

Froui  tile  East  come  many  evidences  of  gncKl  will.  The 
Greek  iiatrinrch  attended  the  conserraliou  of  the  Euirlish 
Church  in  Jerusalem  last  fall.  A  voice  is  heard  from 
Smyrna,  illustrious  through  Polycarp  the  martyr.  C'hrysos- 
toui,  archbishop  of  this  ancient  see,  has  issued  a  remarkable 
document  assertinj?  his  conviction  of  the  validity  of  An^jll- 
CHU  orders  and  as  this  goes  to  i>ress  there  comes  the  account 
of  the  reception  acc( inled  our  distinguished  layman,  Mr. 
Silas  ^fcBee,  by  representatives  of  the  Eastern  Churcli. 

The  palters  gallicred  in  this  little  volume  are  a  humble 
contribution  to  the  fullillment  of  the  consummation  so 
fondly  cherished  "  tliat  all  may  be  one." 

T.   J.   L. 

Church  of  the  Iledeemer, 

Brooklyn. 

Feast    of    the    Transtiguration 

uf  Our   Blessed   Ijord, 

19U. 


THE    PATRIARCH    OF    ALEXANDRIA. 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


AN  HISTORICAL  PAPER 


14 


THE   ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


THE  ANCIENT  PATKIARCHATES 


15 


STUDY  of  the  Eastern  Church  is  timely. 
Our  age  is  interested  in  survivals. 
Science  rings  with  the  note.  In  these  days  of 
renewed  research  into  tlie  origins  of  Christian 
history  and  antiquities  this  church,  so  vener- 
able in  its  traditions,  rightly  claims  attention. 
1 fere  is  a  churcli  tliat  has  survived.  Her  theol- 
V  ogy  bears  the  impress  of  the  ancient  masters. 
She  is  the  oldest  communion  of  Christendom,  the 
church  of  Athanasius  and  IJasil,  of  Gregory 
Nazianzen  and  Gregory  of  Nyssa,  of  the  golden- 
tongued  Chrysostom.  When  Britain  was  un- 
known and  before  the  faith  was  planted  in  Rome 
the  Eastern  Church  was  rooted  in  the  strong- 
holds of  Jerusalem  and  Antioch,  where  her  patri- 
archs still  rule  in  unbroken  succession  from 
apostolic  days.    She  never  at  any  time  owned  the 


sway  of  the  papacy  or  submitted  to  its  arrogant 
claims.  A  sympathetic  study  of  this  ancient 
communion  will  contribute  to  an  intelligent 
grasp  of  liie  issues  involved  in  the  endeavor  to 
heal  the  divisions  of  the  church  of  Christ.  It 
will  help  us  to  gain  the  perspective  implied  in 
**  Unity  in  essentials;  liberty  in  non-essentials; 
charity  in  everything."  It  will  reveal  the  force 
of  Gregory's  saying:  "  Things  are  not  to  be  loved 
for  the  sake  of  places  but  places  for  good  things." 
At  the  very  beginning  Christianity  took  pos- 
session of  the  cities.  The  word  pagan  "  villager  '' 
came  to  mean  unbeliever.  Unbelief  was  confined 
to  the  rural  districts.  The  cross  won  the  large 
|entres.  Jerusalem  was  mother  of  churches. 
From  the  Jewish  capital  the  gospel  spread.  The 
message  struck  root  in  Antioch  in  Syria  where 
the  disciples  were  first  called  Christians.     Gen- 


y 


16 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIAKCHATES 


eroiLS  ill  its  charities  and  iui«»litv  in  missionary 
enthusiasm  this  eluireh  was  quick  to  ^rasp  the 
world-wide  destination  of  the  faith.  Thence  St. 
l*aul  started  fortli  to  proclaim  the  tidings : 

*' O  Autioch,  thou  teacher  of  the  world! 
lYom  out  thy  portals  passed  the  feet  of  those 
Who  banished  and  despised  have  made  thy  name 
The  next  iu  rank  to  proud  Jerusalem. 
Within  thy  gates  the  persecuted  few, 
Who  dared  to  rally  round  the  holy  cross, 
And  worship  Him  whose  sacred  form  it  bore, 
Were  first  called  Christians." 

Closely  connected  in  its  early  history  with 
both  St.  Peter  and  St.  l*aul,  Antioch  took  prom- 
inent place  in  the  second  century  in  the  person 
of  its  martyr  bishop,  St.  Ignatius,  ^^  hose  lieroism 
reflects  undying  splendor  on  this  see. 

Anotlier  stronghold  was  Alexandria,  where 
Christianity  was  brought  into  contact  with  phil- 


THE    PATRIARCH    OF    ANTIOCH. 


16 


THE  ANCIEXT  PATKIARCHATES 


eroiis  in  its  fluirities  ami  mii»litv  in  missionarv 
eiitliiLsiaJsni  this  ciiurcli  was  <iiiick  to  .urasp  tlic 
world-wide  destination  of  tlic  faith.  Thence  St. 
l*anl  started  forth  to  jtroidaini  tlie  tidinj^s: 

**  O  AntitH-h,  tlioii  tt\i(ln'r  of  tlu'  world! 
From  out  thy  i>on:ils  passed  the  feet  of  those 
Who  banished  and  tU'spised  have  made  thy  name 
Tlie  next  in  rank  to  jirond  JerusakMu. 
Witiiin  thy  i;ales  the  persornted  few, 
Who  dared  to  rally  round  the  holy  cross. 
And  worshii*  Ilini  whos*'  sacred  torni  it  bore, 
Were  tirst  called  Christians." 

( Uoseh    eonneited   in   its  earlv   history    with 

•'  *■■  %i 

both  8t.  l*eter  and  St.  Tanl,  Antioch  to(»k  prom- 
inent phiee  in  ihe  second  renlnrv  in  the  i)erson 
of  its  martyr  tdshop.  Si.  I  gnat  ins,  whose  lieroism 
reflects  niidyin*;  sph*ndor  on  tliis  see. 

Another  stronghohl    was    Alexandria,   wliere 
(Miristianity  was  bronght  into  contact  with  phil- 


THE    PATRIARCH    OF    ANTIOCH. 


THE   ANCIENT   PATRIARCHATES 


17 


osophy.     Founded  by  Alexander  the  Great  as  a 
memorial  of  his  victorious  Egyptian  campaign 
the  city  became  a  literary  centre.     Its  busy  life 
was  an   epitome  of  the  world.    Theocritus,   in 
his  fifteenth   Idyll,  has  drawn   a  vivid  and  in- 
tensely liuman  picture  of  the  stir  and  activity 
of    Alexandrian    society.     Here    a    catechetical 
school  was  established.    It  became  the  cradle  of 
theology     which    developed    under    the    master 
minds  of  Clement,  Origen  and  Athanasius.     The 
Council  of  Nice  made  Alexandria  custodian  of 
the  calendar. 

The  beginning  of  Christianity  in  Rome  is  ob- 
scure. Ti'aditions  have  gathered  around  the 
name  of  St.  Peter  but  there  is  no  historical  evi- 
dence that  he  ever  bore  official  relation  to  this 
church.  Perhaps  a  clue  to  its  origin  is  afforded 
by  the  mention  of  strangers  of  Rome  in  the  ac- 


ii] 

ti, 


18 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


19 


Nif 


count  of  Pentecost.  May  not  these  strangers  have 
spread  report  of  the  things  they  witnessed.  Tid-" 
ings  would  be  carried  to  the  city  with  which  the 
whole  world  was  in  comnuinication  and  tradition 
would  naturally  gather  around  the  name  of  St. 
Peter  who  was  spokesman  on  that  day.  Certain 
it  is  that  the  faith  was  planted  in  Rome  at  an 
early  time.  To  this  church  St.  Paul  wrote  and 
when  he  journeyed  thither  as  prisoner  of  the 
Lord,  Christians  came  to  meet  him  "  whom  when 
Paul  saw  he  thanked  God  and  took  courage." 
The  church  was  Greek  in  language  and  litera- 
ture. North  Africa,  not  lionie,  was  the  home  of 
Latin  theology;  Tertullian,  Cyprian  and  Augus- 
tine were  its  parents. 

The  Council  of  Nice  recognized  Eome,  Anti- 
och  and  Alexandria  as  the  chief  ecclesiastical 
centres  and  the  sixth  canon  confirmed  their  an- 


cient privileges.  By  the  time  of  the  second  ecu- 
menical council  Constantinople  had  arisen.  Its 
foundation  marked  the  recognition  of  the  Chris- 
tian faith  in  the  Roman  empire.  The  bishop  of 
Constantinople  was  given  the  second  place  be- 
cause it  is  the  new  Rome.  The  political  impor- 
tance of  the  city  determined  its  rank  as  an  eccle- 
siastical see.  Secular  greatness  was  the  ground 
of  precedence.  So  rigorously  did  the  church  ad- 
here to  this  principle  that  Jerusalem  was  not 
raised  to  patriarchal  dignity  until  the  Council 
of  Chalcedon.  Then  the  Holy  City  won  recog- 
nition by  reason  of  its  connection  with  both  dis- 
pensations and  the  consequent  veneration  in 
w  hich  it  was  held. 

Primitive  polity  is  in  striking  contrast  to  the 
papal  theory.  Church  organization  followed  the 
political  divisions  of  the  empire.    The  bishop  of 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


/ 


V 


Kome  had  a  priiiiaey  of  houor  itrimns  inter  pares. 
He  had  no  greater  authority  than  the  hish()[)s  of 
C^onstaiitinople,  Alexandria  or  Antioeli.  The 
strength  of  the  church  was  in  the  East.  Chris- 
tianity was  born  in  the  East.  The  Greek  lan- 
guage was  the  medium  of  revelation.  The  New 
Testament  was  written  in  Greek.  The  early  fath- 
ers,  apologists  and  church  historians  were  Greek. 
The  Greek  intellect,  speculative,  dialectic,  philo- 
sophic, came  to  the  service  of  the  church  at  the 
very  time  when  it  was  necessary  to  defend  the 
faith  against  heresy,  and  the  language,  rich  in 
inflection  and  caiiable  of  expressing  the  most 
delicate  shades  of  meaning,  offered  itself  as  the 
medium  of  theologj^  when  tlie  churcli  found  it 
necessary  to  formulate  her  creed  in  precise 
terms.  The  Nicene  creed  is  an  eastern  symbol. 
The  historical  setting  of  the  ecumenical  coun- 
cils is  Greek. 


THE    PATRIARCH    OF    JERUSALEM. 


20 


THE   ANCIENT  PATFJAHCHATES 


Kome  had  a  inniuacy  of  honor  itr'untis  inter  (tans. 
He  had  no  greater  autliority  than  the  lnsho[).s  of 
Constantinople,  Alexandria  or  Antioeh.  The 
strength  of  the  ehureh  was  in  the  East.  Chris- 
tianity was  born  in  the  East.  The  (Ueek  lan- 
guage was  the  medium  of  revelation.  The  New 
Testament  was  written  in  (Ireek.  The  early  fath- 
ers, apologists  and  ehureh  historians  were  Greek. 
The  Greek  intellect,  speculative,  dialectic,  philo- 
sophic, came  to  the  service  of  the  church  at  the 
very  time  when  it  was  necessary  to  defend  the 
faith  against  heresy,  and  tlie  language,  rich  in 
inflection  and  cajjahle  of  expressing  the  most 
delicate  shades  of  meaning,  offered  itself  as  the 

medium  of  theoloiiv  when  the  churcli  found  it 
necessary  to  formulate  her  creed  in  precise 
terms.  The  Nicene  creed  is  an  eastern  symbol. 
The  historical  setting  of  the  ecumenical  coun- 
cils is  Greek. 


THE    PATRIARCH    OF    JERUSALEM. 


THE  ANCIENT  PATKIARCHATES 


21 


The  year  1054  marks  the  breach  between  the 
Eastern  and  Western  churches.  The  four  East- 
ern patriarchs  separated  from  communion 
with  the  West.  The  ostensible  cause  was  the 
Filioque,  wliich  became  the  battle  ground  of  con- 
troversy. This  clause  first  appeared  in  the  creed 
in  the  sixth  century  at  the  Spanish  Council  of 
Toledo,  found  acceptance  in  the  Frankish  church, 
was  championed  by  Charlemagne,  and  in  course 
of  time  was  embodied  in  the  creed  throughout  the 
West.  The  Eastern  Church  stood  tenaciously  for 
the  Nicene  symbol,  wliich  is  recited  by  tlie  Greek 
peasant  to-day  in  the  identical  form  in  which  it 
was  issued  by  the  fathers  and  is  held  in  such  ven- 
eration in  Russia  that  the  great  bell  of  the  Krem- 
lin peals  forth  at  its  recitation.  The  Filioque 
was  rejected  because  it  could  not  plead  ecumeni- 
cal authority. 


22 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


23 


j         Back  of  the  tlieologieal  controversy  there  lay 
racial  distinctions,  differences  of  temperament, 

^     the  political  cleavage  between  East  and  West 
and  the  opposition  of  the  East  to  the  growing 
/  claims  of  the  papacy. 

Meantime  the  church  had  been  weakened  by 
the  progress  of  Mohamedanism.  Forces  were  at 
work  which  threatened  the  very  existence  of 
Christianity.  Andrew  of  Crete  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury crystallized  the  history  of  the  age  in  the 
hvmn,  "  Christian,  dost  thou  see  them."  Moslem 
hordes  were  sweeping  like  a  scourge  over  the 
world.    A  path  of  blood,  carnage  and  desolation 


'""•mil*"' 


f-/      /' 


J  marked  their  progress.  iJamasciis,  Antiocli, 
Jerusalem,  Alexandria  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy.  Province  after  province  was  lost  to  the 
empire.  The  sacred  shrines  came  into  possession 
of  an  alien  power.    The  holy  places  were  defiled. 


The  spirit  of  the  time  finds  expression   in  the 
mournful  cadence : 

Christian,  dost  thou  see  them, 

Ou  the  holy  ground, 
How  the  powers  of  darkness 

Rage  thy  steps  around. 

It  was  the  beginning  of  the  end— the  harbinger 
of  darker  centuries  to  come.  Eastern  Christian- 
ilv  never  regained  ascendancy.  Disaster  fol-^ 
lowed  disaster  until  finally  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury Constantinople  itself,  the  metropolitan  city, 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Turks  and  the  last  of 
the  CcTsars  lay  dead  among  the  slain.  In  vain  / 
did  valiant  men  endeavor  to  fight  back  the  foe. 
The  crescent  supplanted  the  cross  on  the  dome  of 
St.  Sophia.  Yet  even  in  that  day  of  calamity 
scholars  driven  from  the  Byzantine  capital 
brought  the  treasures  of  Greek  learning  to  the 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


THE  ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


25 


West  and  iuaiiijiirattMl   the  renaissance  in  Eu- 
rope.    Thus  the  Eastern  Church  made  Western 
/ 
n/     Cliristendom  its  debtor. 

I  have  a  profound  veneration  for  tliis  ancient 
communion.  I  believe  she  has  yet  an  important 
part  to  play  in  the  life  of  Christendom.  ^Men- 
aced  on  every  side  she  keeps  a  light  shining  in 
the  laiul  where  the  gospel  dawned  in  splendor. 
8he  holds  the  custody  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  and 
waits  in  hope  of  a  brighter  day.  ^^^i  admire  her 
»crupulous  fidelity  to  tlie  ancient  creed,  her  firm 
resistance  to  papal  aggressions,  lier  patient  wit- 
ness for  Christ  under  oppression.  In  many 
places  she  finds  herself  in  the  condition  of  the 
apostle,  **  troubled  on  every  side  yet  not  dis- 
tressed; perplexeil  but  not  in  despair;  persecuted 
but  not  forsaken ;  cast  down  but  not  destroyed." 
But  day  is  breaking.     Already  there  is  a  glim- 


mer on  the  horizon.  Moslem  misrule  cannot  con- 
tinue. The  Mohamedan  yoke  must  yet  be  broken 
and  with  the  termination  of  Ottoman  power  a 
new  era  will  dawn.  Christianity  will  flood  the 
land  of  her  birth  with  the  radiance  of  midday 
and  to  this  ancient  communion  w  ill  come  a  voice, 
*'  Behold  I  have  set  before  thee  an  open  door  and 
110  man  can  shut  it." 

There  is  a  curious  legend  in  connection  with 
an  old  mosque  w^hich  was  once  a  church.  The 
Moslem  covered  every  Christian  symbol  and  a 
tradition  arose  that  w^hen  those  symbols  reap- 
pear the  power  of  the  crescent  w  ill  wane.  Trav- 
elers tell  us  that  the  plaster  is  wearing  away. 
The  hidden  picture  of  the  Christ  is  dimly  visible. 
The  time  is  at  hand !  The  day  of  awakening  is 
nigh!     When   the  banner  of  the  cross  is  un- 


26 


THE   ANCIENT  PATRIARCHATES 


furled  over  the  East  the  vision  of  the  poet-bishop 
will  find  realization : 


The  cross  to  old  Byzance  restore, 

There  let  Christ  reign,  our  king  and  priest, 
Basils  and  Chrysostoms  once  more 

Be  born  to  christen  all  the  East. 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


A  STUDY  IN  CHRITIAN  UNITY 


28 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


2D 


I 


aHRISTIAN  unity  is  in  the  forefront  of  re- 
ligious thought  and  unity  must  be 
grounded  in  the  historic  past.  It  was  grand  old 
Bishop  Ken  who  said,  "  I  die  in  the  faith  of  the 
Catholic  Church  before  the  disunion  of  East  and 
West."  The  faith  of  the  undivided  church  af- 
fords a  basis  on  which  the  scattered  members  of 
God's  household  may  yet  be  brought  together. 

The  student  of  organic  evolution  traces  the 
development  of  the  organism  from  the  simple 
to  the  complex,  notes  the  slightest  divergence 
in  the  life  stages  of  individuals  and  beneath  in- 
finite variation  discovers  fundamental  agree- 
ments in  type  and  structure  that  point  to  com- 
mon ancestry.  In  a  similar  way  we  approach 
the  history  of  the  church.  Like  the  river  of 
Eden,  dividing  into  four  heads,  the  stream  of 


Christian  truth  was  moditied  under  iflie  influ- 
ence of  national  and  racial  adaptation.  The 
faith  found  expression  according  to  the  varying 
temperaments  and  spiritual  needs  of  different 
peoples  called  by  God  into  the  church's  fold. 
National  churches  developed  customs  which  reg- 
istered themselves  in  the  worship,  the  calendar, 
the  ceremonial.  The  rise  of  the  Kile  becomes  a 
subject  of  intercession  in  the  Alexandrian  lit- 
urgy. Tlie  break-up  of  the  empire,  when 
northern  invaders  knocked  at  the  gates  of  Rome, 
echoes  plaintively  in  the  collects  of  the  West. 
Milan  preserves  the  primitive  features  of  the 
Anibrosian  rite. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  how  the  adminis- 
trative policy  of  the  Roman  Empire,  with  its  cen- 
tralized authority,  survives  in  the  ultra-montane 
conception.     The  Latin  Church  is  organized  on 


30 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


the  imperial  model  with  the  pope  in  place  of 
C^iesar.  The  cardinals  correspond  to  the  senate. 
A  like  comparison  might  be  drawn  between  the 
Eastern  Ohnrch  and  the  political  traditions  of 
classic  Greece.  The  Greek  genius  never  inclined 
toward  centralization.  The  city  states  were  char- 
acterized by  the  passion  for  local  autonomy. 
This  spirit  is  embodied  in  Eastern  Christianity, 
which  has  developed  the  principle  of  national 
churches  independent  of  any  supreme  earthly 
head.    The  papacy  is  foreign  to  the  East.    The 

Eastern  communion  is  a  confederation,  complex 

c 
in  its  make-up.     Older  than  Rome,  older  than 

Canterbury,  the  Holy  Eastern  Ortliodox  Church 
holds  the  four  patriarchal  tlirones,  Constanti- 
nople, Alexandria,  Antiocli,  Jerusalem.  Within 
its  fold  are  embraced  the  church  of  Cyprus, 
autocephalous  from  earliest  times,  the  national 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


31 


/ 


churches  of  Russia,  Servia,  Montenegro,  Rou- 
mania,  Bulgaria,  Greece  and  the  metropolitan 
sees  of  Karlowitz,  Hermannstadt,  Bukowina  and 
Dalmatia,  in  Austro-Hungar^  It  is  a  world  in  it- 
self representing  endless  diversity  of  language, 
tradition,  racial  and  national  life.  It  is  the  faith 
alike  of  lordly  Muscovite  and  hardy  Montenegrin, 
to  whom  Tennyson  pays  graceful  tribute : 

O,  smallest  among  peoples!  rough  rock-throne 
Of  freedom!  warriors  beating  back  the  swarm 
Of  Turkish  Islam  for  five  hundred  years, 
Great  Tseruogora! 

The  principle  of  unity  is  dogmatic  agree- 
ment. Men  of  diverse  races  celebrating  the  lit- 
urgy in  different  languages  are  one  in  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  Nicene  creed  and  the  ecumeni- 
cal councilsJ^ 

/ 

The  worship  expresses  religious  devotion  in  a  V 


32 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


THE   EASTEEN  COMMUNION 


33 


way  adapted  to  the  eastern  mind.     The  temper- 
ament of  the  east  inclines  to  the  metaphysical 
and  loves  to  dwell  on  the  subtle  mysteries.    The 
ritual  inspires  awe  and  is   marked  by  lengtliy 
rhetorical  commemorations  in   contrast   to  our 
own  terse  collects.     The  Byzantine  is  its  native 
architecture.     The  ornamentation  is  rich  in  col- 
oring, blue   and   vermilion.     The   churches  are 
adorned  with  sacred  icons.     They  are  built  to- 
ward   the    east.    There    are   no    organs.    There 
is    no    instrumental     music.     The    absence    of 
seats   is   a   reminiscence   of   the   Nicene   canon 
which  enjoins  the  standing  posture  in  prayer. 
The    Eastern     Church    uses    the    Julian     cal- 
endar which  differs  from  our  own  by  thirteen 
days.     The  Scripture  is  freely  circulated.     The 
priests  are  married.     Long  beards  and  flowing 
locks  are  distinguishing  marks  of  eastern  eccle- 


siastics. I^aptism  is  by  trine  immersion.  Leav- 
ened bread  cut  from  a  whole  loaf  is  employed  in 
the  Holy  Communion.  Wafers  are  not  used.  St. 
I»aurs  imagery  is  carried  out :  "  We  are  all  par- 
takers of  that  one  bread."  The  sacrament  is  ad- 
miuistered  in  both  kinds.  The  service  is  in  the 
vernacular  and  is  rich  in  symbolism.  Each  de- 
tail is  designed  to  set  forth  some  truth— the 
spear,  the  silver  star,  the  solemn  procession,  the 
fanning  of  the  elements,  the  opening  and  closing 
of  the  doors  of  the  iconostas,  the  gorgeous  vest- 
ments resplendent  in  jewels.  The  bishop's  man- 
tle, with  the  attached  bells,  carries  us  back  to  the 
liigh  priest's  vesture  in  the  Jewish  Church^ 

The  impressiveness  of  the  ceremonial  had 
much  to  do  with  the  establishment  of  the  church 
in  Russia.     Tradition  is  that  Vladimir  sent  an 


»/ 


V 


nibassy  to  investigate  the  religions  of  the  world. 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


The  ambassadors  returned  witii  a  report  of  tlie 
splendor  of  St.  Sophia.  "  Wheu  we  stood  in  the 
temple  we  did  not  know  where  we  were  for  there 
i&  nothing  like  it  on  earth.  There  in  truth  God 
has  his  dwelling  and  we  can  never  forget  the 
beauty  we  witnessed.  No  one  who  has  once 
tasted  sweets  will  afterward  want  the  bitter. 
We  can  no  longer  abide  in  heathenism."  Tlie 
scale  turned  in  favor  of  the  Byzantine  faith. 
We  note  in  passing  how  the  missionary  work  of 
East  and  West  witnesses  to  the  quiet,  indirect 
influence  of  women.  St.  Paul  remembered  Lydia 
and  Damaris  and  those  women  that  labored  with 
him  in  the  gospel.  England  owes  a  debt  to  Ber- 
tha, Ethelburga  and  Hilda.  The  conversion  of 
the  Franks  was  brought  about  through  Clotihla. 
History  repeats  itself  in  the  missionary  acliieve- 
ments  among  the  Slavs.    Back  of  Vladimir's  con- 


THE   EASTERN  C0MMI3NI0N 


35 


version  lies  the  work  of  his  grandmother,  the 
Princess  Olga,  in  shaping  his  education.  Bul- 
garia was  won  through  the  sister  of  King  Bo- 
«roris,  who  was  a  hostage  at  the  Byzantine  court. 
How  far-reaching  the  power  of  consecrated 
womanhood,  whether  East  or  West,  among  Teu- 
ton or  Slav! 

I  The  Eastern  Church  has  been  pre-eminently  i 

N 
the  home  of  monasticism. ;  The  contemplative 

life  accords  with  its  conservative,  immobile  tem- 
per. The  prelates  are  taken  from  the  ranks  of 
the  monks  and  are  unmarried.  Monasteries  are 
intrenched  in  quarters  most  remote  and  have 
played  a  large  part  in  ecclesiastical  policy. 
What  memories  gather  around  Mar  Saba,  Athos, 
(^rc^tan  Arcadion  and  the  fortress  monastery  of 
St.  (Catherine  on  Mt.  Sinai,  built  by  Justinian. 
The  Sinaitic  peninsula  is  an  independent  see  of 


36 


THE  EASTERN  COMVIUNION 


the  Orthodox  Church.  Hither  Tiseheiulorf  joiir- 
ueyed  and  iu  the  spriii^^  of  1844  he  made  his  way 
up  the  rugged  height  of  this  mountain  sanctuary. 
The  monks  pulled  him  to  the  narrow  entrance 
by  a  rope  and  allowed  him  access  to  the  manu- 
Bcripts.  He  perceived  in  the  hallway  a  basket 
of  mouldering  parchments  about  to  be  thrown 
into  the  fire.  Examining  them,  he  discovered 
pages  of  a  Bible,  the  most  ancient  he  had  ever 
seen.  This  led  to  the  recovery  of  the  Codex 
Sinaiticus,  now  in  St.  Petersburg. 

I  am  impressed  by  the  simihirity  between  the 
Greek  system  and  our  own.  Historically  there 
has  ever  been  a  close  affinity  between  the  two 
communions.  There  are  those  who  believe  that 
early  British  Cliristianity  was  Eastern  in  its 
origin  coming  by  way  of  Gaul  along  the  path  of 
the  Mediterranean  commerce.    Theodore  of  Tar- 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


37 


sus,  the  second  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  a 
Greek.  It  is  not  without  significance  that  Wic- 
lif  was  charged  by  his  enemies  with  maintaining 
that  "  All  Christendom  ought  to  live  independ- 
ently like  the  Greek  Church.''  The  Alexandrian 
manuscript  of  the  Bible  in  the  British  Museum 
was  the  gift  of  the  Patriarch  Cyril  Lucar,  whose 
strange  and  varied  career  forms  a  striking  chap- 
ter in  the  annals  of  the  Eastern  Church.  The 
misguided,  non-juring  bishops  sought  succor 
from  tlie  patriarchs. 

Turning  from  these  incidental  instances  of 
contact  to  a  study  of  the  book  of  Common 
Prayer  we  are  struck  by  the  influence  of  the  East 
upon  our  worship.  This  is  especially  marked  in 
the  eucharistic  service  of  the  American  Church, 
which  follows  closely  the  ancient  models,  in  the 
j>tress  laid  on  the  invocation  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 


«lo 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


*■  'i 


J  The  closing  collect  in  our  daily  offices  is  from  the 
Greek.  ( 'rannier  was  a  close  student  of  the  East- 
ern liturgy  and  through  his  intiuence  the  prayer 
of  St.  Chrysostom  from  St.  Basil's  liturgy  has 
been  set  like  a  precious  gem  in  our  worship, 
linking  us  to  the  ancient  East. 

The  Greek  Church  has  made  large  contributions 
to  our  hymnal.  Clement  of  Alexandria  wrote 
"  Shepherd  of  Tender  Youth.''  The  authorship 
of  "The  Day  is  Past  and  Over"  is  ascribed  to 
Anatolius,  and  Neale  tells  us  that  its  plaintive, 
touching  melody  lingers  still  among  the  scattered 
hamlets  of  Chios  and  ^litylene.  John  of  Damas- 
cus was  the  great  theological  writer  of  Eastern 
Christendom.  His  memory  lingers  amongst  us 
in  liis  Easter  hymns,  "^^  Tlie  Day  of  Resurrec- 
tion "  and  "  Come  Ye  Faithful  Kaise  the  Strain.*' 
The  former  is  sung  at  Athens  at  midniglrt  when 


11 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


39 


the  stroke  of  twelve  proclaims  Easter  day.  The 
archbishop  elevates  the  cross  exclaiming, 
^'  Christos  anesti."  The  people  take  up  the  cry 
and  amid  the  gleaming  of  tapers  and  the  roll  of 
drums  king,  queen  and  populace  proclaim  the 
resurrection,  wdiile  from  shore  and  mountain 
rockets  illumine  the  ^^J-Jj 

In  1870  the  Archbishop  of  Syra  and  Tenos 
visited  England,  met  a  number  of  Anglican  pre- 
lates, was  present  at  two  episcopal  consecra- 
tions, was  honored  bv  the  universities  and  his  re- 
port  of  the  cordiality  of  his  reception  called  forth 
an  appreciative  letter  from  the  Holy  Synod  of 
(heece  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  It  w^as 
made  clear  to  the  East  that  the  Anglican  Church 
cherishes  a  particular  sympathy  and  love  for  the 
Orthodox,  and  it  was  also  apparent  to  the  acute 
mind  of  the    Greek    prelate    that    tlie  English 


V^ 


40 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


THE  EASTERN  COMMUNION 


41 


Cliiireh,  though  generally  eininierated  with  the 
Protestant  communities,  is  altogether  different 
from  them  in  maintaining  both  the  episcopate 
and  the  ancient  traditions  and  customs. 

With  the  more  frequent  intercourse  between 
the  representatives  of  the  churches  it  is  gener- 
ally recognized  that  the  Eastern  Church  and  our 
own  are  closely  akin.  Beneath  variations  in 
national  temperament  we  discover  unmistak- 
able traits  that  witness  to  a  common  origin  and 
an  intimate  relationship.  In  these  two  historic 
churclies  there  is  a  common  life,  a  common  spirit, 
a  common  iidelity  to  the  historic  creed,  the  com- 
mon possession  of  an  apostolic  ministry. 

Visiting  a  Syrian  priest  a  fortnight  ago  I  was 
very  much  impressed  as  he  grasped  my  hand  ex- 
claiming fervently,  "  I  pray  tlie  day  is  not  dis- 


tant when  your  church  and  mine  shall  be  one.'^ 
The  union  of  the  East  and  West  has  been  the  7  • 
prayer  of  devout  Christians  through  the  ages.  ' 
It  was  the  dream  of  crusaders.  It  was  the 
moving  thought  alike  at  Lyons  in  the  thirteenth 
and  Florence  in  the  fifteenth  century.  It  was 
the  cherished  hope  of  the  Bonn  conference  in 
the  nineteenth  century.  To  him  who  can  discern 
the  signs  of  the  times  there  are  stirrings  in  the 
hearts  of  God's  people  that  indicate  the  time 
draweth  nigh. 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHUKCH  IN  AMERICA 


43 


JJI 


THE   ORTHODOX   CHURCH 
IN   AMERICA 

A   SOCIOLOGICAL    STUDY 


HE  Orthodox  Church  in  America  challenges 
the  attention  of  the  sociologist  as  well  as 
the  theologian.  Its  adherents  are  coming  in  in- 
creasing numbers  and  will  exert  an  important 
influence  on  the  future  of  this  country. 

At  an  early  date  Eastern  Christianity  struck 
root  among  the  Slavs.  The  Byzantine  monks 
(^ril  and  Methodius  reduced  the  Slavonic  Ian- 
guage  to  writing  and  are  venerated  as  the 
apostles  of  the  Slavonians.  The  strength  of  the 
Eastern  Church  to-day  is  among  the  Slavic  peo- 
ples who  have  ever  been  hospitable  to  the  Eastern 
form.  Its  system  appeals  to  them.  Even  when 
Orthodox  congregations  have  been  led  into  the 
I.atin  fold,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Uniates,  they 
have  clung  tenaciously  to  the  distinctive  features 
of  the  old  mother  church,  celebrating  mass  in  the 


lii 


'!  ' 


44 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHUECH  IN   AMERICA 


Slavonic,  giving  conimnnion  in  botli  kinds,  fol- 
lowing the  eastern  calendar,  retaining  the  Greek 
rites  and  chanting  the  service  without  instru- 
mental accompaniment.  The  Eastern  Churcli 
offers  a  vehicle  of  religious  expression  that  seems 
to  answer  the  needs  of  the  Slavic  people.  The 
Bohemians,  Poles  and  Croatians  are  the  chief 
Slavic  peoples  of  the  Latin  faith.  There  are 
those  who  have  interpreted  the  Hussite  move- 
ment as  the  striving  of  the  Bohemian  people 
after  the  ideals  of  Orthodoxy  which  had  never 
become  entirely  extinct  among  those  who  looked 
to  Cyril  and  Methodius  as  their  evangelizers  and 
teachers. 


r 


Our  first  contact  with  the  Orthodox  in  Amer- 


ica was  through  its  Slavic  adherents.  The  Rus- 
sian Church  was  established  in  Alaska  at  an 
early  date  and  its  influence  could  not  but  be  felt 


THE    BISHOP    OF    ALASKA. 


44 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN   AMERICA 


Slavonic,  giving  coiiiiiiiiiiiou  in  both  kinds,  fol- 
lowing the  eastern  calendar,  retaining  the  (5 reek 
rites  and  chanting  the  service  without   instrn- 
niental   accompaniment.     The   Eastern   Church 
offers  a  vehicle  of  religious  expression  that  seems 
to  answer  the  needs  of  the  Slavic  people.     The 
15ohemians,  Poles  and  Croatians  are  the  chief 
Slavic   peoples  of  the  Latin   faith.     There  are 
those  who  have  interpreted  the  Hussite  move 
ment  as  the  striving   of   the    Bohemian  people 
after  the  ideals  of  Orthodoxy  wiiich  had  never 
become  entirely  extinct  among  those  who  looked 
to  Cvril  and  Methodius  as  their  evangelizers  and 
teachers. 

Our  first  contact  with  the  Orthodox  in  Amer- 
ica was  througli  its  Slavic  adherents.  The  Kus- 
Hian  Church  was  established  in  AUiska  at  an 
early  date  and  its  influence  could  not  but  be  felt 


THE    BISHOP    OF    ALASKA. 


Ill'" 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHDRCH  IN  AMERICA 


45 


l^f  i> 


1 


■tiii 


on  the  Pacific  slope.Jit  is  not  without  signifi- 
cance that  when  our  church  in  California  was 
isolated  and  felt  the  need  of  episcopal  oversight 
the  idea  of  applying  to  the  Greek  Church  for  a 
bishop  was  in  the  minds  of  some  and  freely  men- 
tioned. Doubtless  the  proximity  of  Alaska  sug- 
gested the  Greek  Church  to  these  pioneer 
churchmen.  With  the  purchase  of  Alaska  by  the 
United  States  in  1867  our  church  was  brought 
into  direct  relations  with  the  Russian  commun- 
ion and  the  creation  of  a  missionary  jurisdiction 
by  the  General  Convention  of  1895  has  strength- 
ened the  mutual  friendliness.  The  apostolic 
iU>we  labors  side  by  side  with  the  Orthodox  on 
terms  of  intimacy  and  cordiality.  The  centre  of 
Russian  influence  has  shifted  from  Alaska  east- 
ward. New  York  is  now  the  seat  of  the  arch- 
bishop and  the  number  of  congregations  through- 


46 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN   AMERICA 


out  the  country  is  growing.  In  many  places  there 
is  a  warm  sympathy  between  our  people  and  the 
Russians.     Bishop  Parker    has    used    his  inilu- 
ence  effectively  on  behalf  of  the  Russian  mill 
workers  in  New  Hampshire,  and  instances  are 
not  wanting  where  Anglicans  and  Russians  liave 
worshipped  together  as  at  the  "  Peace ''  service 
in  Portsmouth.    Americans  can  never  forget  that 
Russia  was  our  friend  when  the  world  was  our 
foe  and  while  we  deplore  the  Jewish  nuissacres 
which  in  many  quarters  have  created  a  feeling 
unfavorable  to  Russia  yet  we  should  labor  for  the 
restoration  of  the  old  time  attitude  of  friendli- 
ness, and  for  myself  I  can  echo  with  all  my  heart 
the  sentiment  of  our  poet : 


**  God  bless  the  Eii^pire  that  loves  the  great  I'liioii ; 
Strength  to  her  people.     Long  life  to  the  Czar." 


I" 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHIJRCH  IN  AMERICA 


47 


The  Russian  Church  has  a  great  opportuiiitr- 
aiuongst  her  people  in  America  and  is  destined 
to  make  a  worthy  contribution  to  the  religious 

life  of  this  land. 

Some  time  ago  I  was  passing  through  a  little 
town  in  Pennsylvania  where  there  is  a  Serb 
church.  The  priest  was  away  but  a  friendly 
Serb  acted  as  my  guide  and  gave  me  such  in- 
formation as  his  uieagTe  vocabulary  permitted. 

Back  of  the  Servian  people  lies  a  long  varied 
history  which  contains  many  a  brilliant  chapter 
The  name  of  Stephen  Dushan  is  synonymous 
with  an  era  of  national  glory  when  they  bade 
fair  to  effect  a  union  of  the  Balkans.  His 
untimely  death  defeated  the  plan  and  Kossovo's 
fatal  day  reduced  them  to  the  Turkish  yoke. 
Through  the  dark  days  of  Moslem  oppression  the 
church  kept  alive  the  memory  of  the  past.  Under 


46 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN   AMERICA 


out  the  country  is  growing.  In  many  places  there 
is  a  warm  sympathy  between  our  people  and  the 
Russians.     Bishop  Parker    has    used    his  influ- 
ence effectively  on  l)ehalf  of  the  Russian  mill 
workers  in  New^  Hampshire,  and  instances  are 
not  wanting  where  Anglicans  and  Russians  have 
worshipped  together  as  at  the  "  Peace  "  service 
in  Portsmouth.    Americans  can  never  forget  that 
Russia  w^as  our  friend  when  the  world  was  our 
foe  and  while  we  deplore  the  Jewish  massacres 
which  in  many  quarters  have  created  a  feeling 
unfavorable  to  Russia  yet  we  should  labor  for  the 
restoration  of  the  old  time  attitude  of  friendli- 
ness, and  for  myself  I  can  echo  with  all  my  heart 
the  sentiment  of  our  poet : 


"  God  bless  the  Eiikpire  that  loves  the  great  Union ; 
Strength  to  her  people.     Long  life  to  the  Czar." 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHIJRCH  IN  AMERICA 


47 


The  Russian  Church  has  a  great  opportunity- 
amongst  her  people  in  America  and  is  destined 
to  make  a  worthy  contribution  to  the  religious 

life  of  this  land. 

Some  time  ago  I  was  passing  through  a  little 
town  in  Pennsylvania  where  there  is  a  Serb 
church.  The  priest  was  aw^ay  but  a  friendly 
Serb  acted  as  my  guide  and  gave  me  such  in- 
formation as  his  meagre  vocabulary  permitted. 

Back  of  the  Servian  people  lies  a  long  varied 
history  which  contains  many  a  brilliant  chapter 
The  name  of  Stephen  Dushan  is  synonymous 
with  an  era  of  national  glory  when  they  bade 
fair  to  effect  a  union  of  the  Balkans.  His 
untimely  death  defeated  the  plan  and  Kossovo's 
fatal  day  reduced  them  to  the  Turkish  yoke. 
Through  the  dark  days  of  Moslem  oppression  the 
church  kept  alive  the  memory  of  the  past.  Under 


48 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN  AMERICA 


the  lead  of  Kara  George  and  Miloscli,  the  old 
time  martial  spirit  asserted  itself  and  Servians 
freedom  was  won  in  the  last  century.    The  Serbs 
are  a  courageous,  attractive,  intelligent  people. 
They  have  been  finding  their  way  to  America 
during  the  past  sixty  years  and  some  have  risen 
to  places  of  distinction  in  educational  and  scien 
titic  fields.     There    are   nineteen    congregations 
presided  over  l)y  Arcliimandrite  Sebastian  Dabo- 
vitch  who  was  born  in  San  Francisco  of  Dal- 
matian parentage  and  educated  in  Servia  and 
Russia.     He  is  a   zealous   and   efficient  worker 
among  his  people.    His  relations  with  our  com- 
munion are  most  cordial  and  at  the  corner  stone 
laying  of  the  cathedral  in  San  Francisco  he  was 
present  in  his  rol»es. 

For  the  last  eight  years  there  has  been  a  steady 
stream  of  Bulgarian  immigration  centering  in 


Servian  Archimandrite  in  procession  at  corner- 
stone laying  of  San  Francisco  Cathedral. 

(Courtesy  of  Pacific  Churchman.) 


48 


THE  ORTHODOX   CHURCH   IN   AMERICA 


the  lead  of  Kara  George  aiul  ^Miloseli,  the  old 
time  martial  si)irit  asserted  itself  and  Servia's 
freedom  was  won  in  the  last  ceiitiiry.     The  Serbs 
are  a  eoiirageoiis,  attractive,  intelligent  people. 
They  have  been  tinding  their  way  to  America 
during  the  past  sixty  years  and  some  have  risen 
to  places  of  distinction  in  educational  and  scien 
titic  fields.     There    are    nineteen    congregations 
jjresided  over  by  Archimandrite  Sebastian  Dabo- 
vitch   who  was  l»orii  in  San  Francisco  of  Dal- 
matian ijarentage  and  educated  in  Servia  and 
Knssla.     He  is  a    zealous    and    efficient  worker 
among  his  peoide.     His  relations  with  our  com- 
munion are  most  cordial  and  at  the  corner  stone 
laying  of  the  cathedral  in  San  Francisco  he  was 
l»resent  in  his  robes. 

For  the  hist  eight  years  there  has  been  a  steady 
stream  of   IJulgarian   immigration  centering  in 


Servian  Archimandrite  in  procession  at  corner- 
stone laying  of  San  Francisco  Cathedral. 
.Courtfsy  of  Pacific  Churchman.) 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN  AMERICA 


49 


Illinois.  My  interest  in  the  Bulgarians  began 
some  years  ago  when  I  happened  to  visit  Chicago 
when  Ivan  Doseff  was  endeavoring  to  enlist  sym- 
pathy for  his  starving  countrymen  there.  A 
graduate  of  Chicago  University  whose  foot-ball 
achievements  made  hiin  the  envy  of  every  school 
boy  this  youth  impressed  me  as  a  remarkable 
instance  of  the  capabilities  of  his  nation. 

The  Bulgarians  are  a  Slavic  people  taking 
their  name  from  their  non-Slavic  conquerors  who 
Mjalesced  with  the  subject  race.  Ancient  Bul- 
garia had  a  splendid  history.  Its  tzar  rivalled 
the  Byzantine  emperor.  Pope  and  patriarch  con- 
lepiled  for  the  allegiance  of  its  church.  Toward 
the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century  the  kingdom 
fell  before  the  Turks.  Then  came  five  hundred 
years  of  grievous  oppression  culminating  in  one 
of  the  most    frightful    and   revolting  massacres 


50 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHUECH  IN   AMERICA 


kuowu  ill  liistory.  The  fields  were  drenelied  w  itlj 
blood.  A  carnival  of  death  held  sway.  The 
heart  of  Christeiuloiu  was  stirred  l)y  the  appal- 
ling cruelty,  liiissia  came  splendidly  to  their 
succor  and  made  tlie  cause  her  own.  Solemnly 
invoking  divine  help  the  Czar's  army  advanced 
and  Bulgaria's  freedom  was  won.  The  people 
are  simple,  good-natured,  peaceful,  democratic, 
physically  strong  and  hardy.  Tlie  national  dress 
of  sheepskin  indicates  their  peasant  occupation. 
Their  sufferings  have  given  them  a  claim  on  the 
world's  affection. 

There  are  five  hundred  Bulgarians  in  Steel- 
ton,  Pennsylvania.  Visiting  there  last  summer  I 
alighted  from  the  car  in  front  of  the  neat  build- 
ing which  bears  the  inscription,  "  Bulgarian 
Church  of  St.  Blagoveshtenie.''  Walking  along 
Franklin  street  I  came  to  the  store  of  Minoft*  anu 


THE    BISHOP   OF    HARRISBURG    LAYING    THE   CORNERSTONE 
OF  THE  BULGARIAN  CHURCH  AT  STEELTON,   PA. 


50 


THE  ORTHODOX   CHrU(;H   IX   AMERICA 


k  1  i(j  w  11  ill  hint  ( try .  T 1 1  e  lie  his  \\v  n^  1 1  vv  uvU  vi  I  w  i  1 1 1 
bloiKl.  A  carnival  of  death  hehl  sway.  Tht^ 
heart  of  Cliristeiuhnu  was  stiired  by  the  api>al- 
lin^"  eriielty.  Kiissia  eaine  sideiulidly  to  their 
sueeor  and  made  the  eansi'  her  own.  Scdennily 
inv( )kiii«'  divine  htdp  the  ( 'zar's  army  advanced 
and  Bulgaria's  freedom  was  won.  The  jjeople 
are  simijh',  «^0( >d-iiatnred,  peaceful,  democratic, 
physically  strong  and  hardy.  The  national  dress 
of  sheepskin  indicates  their  peasant  occn]»ation. 
Their  sufferings  have  given  them  a  claim  on  the 
world's  affection. 

There  are  five  hundred  IVulgarians  in  Steel- 
ton,  Pennsylvania.  Msiting  there  last  summer  1 
alighted  from  the  car  in  front  of  the  neat  build- 
ing  which  bears  tlie  inscription,  "  IVulgariari 
(Inirch  of  St.  lMag(>veshtenie."  Walking  along 
Franklin  street  I  came  to  the  store  of  Minoff  ami 


THE    BISHOP   OF    HARRISBURG    LAYING    THE   CORNERSTONE 
OF  THE  BULGARIAN  CHURCH  AT  STEELTON,   PA. 


^-"-■■ilil 


THE   ORTHODOX   CHURCH  IN  AMERICA 


51 


Dimitrott'  with  its  conspicuous  sign  in  Bulgarian 
characters.  I  inquired  where  I  might  find  tlW: 
priest  and  Mr.  A.  S.  MinolT,  a  splendid  specimen 
of  his  race,  took  me  to  the  unpretentious  home 
of  Kev.  Theophylacte,  who  welcomed  me  cordially 
and  showed  me  the  church  with  its  beautiful 
icons  and  service  books  in  classic  Slavonic.  I 
met  a  number  of  his  people  whose  thrift  and  solid 
character  promise  well  for  the  development  of 
the  best  type  of  citizenship.  The  great  hearted 
Bishop  of  Harrisburg  has  taken  deep  interest  in 
the  congregation  and  laid  the  cornerstone  of  their 

mmm 

church.     The  Bulgarian  Church  is  independent  ' 
under  the  supervision  of  its  own  exarch.  Though 
holding  the  Orthodox  faith  it  is  estranged  from 
tlie  Ecumenical  Patriarch.    The  controversy  con- 
cerns jurisdiction  not  doctrine.  I 

Ihit  perhaps  the  most  interesting  representa- 


/ 


It 


I 


52 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN   AMERICA 


tives  of  the  Orthodox  Church  are  not  the  Slavs 
Imt  the  Greeks  because  back  of  the  humblest, 
poorest  Greek  ou  our  streets  are  racial  traditions 
connected  with  the  most  splendid  triumphs  of 
the  human  mind  in  art,  letters,  philosophy,  poli- 
tics.    The  language  became  the  vehicle  through 
which  the    New    Testament    was    given  to  the 
world  and  it  is  spoken  to-day  on  the  streets  of 
Athens  in  a  form  less  changed  than  our  own  Eng- 
lish since  the  days  of  Chaucer.    The  Greeks  are 
penetrating  every  section  of  this  country,  the 
metropolitan  centres,  the  Ohio  valley,  the  towns 
of  Illinois  and  Iowa,  the  Nevada  desert,  Savan- 
nah, Cliarleston  and  the  cities  of  the  south.    At 
Tarpon  Springs,  Florida,  within  a  dozen  years 
there  has  grown  up  such  a  Greek  community 
that  the  local  newspaper  is  planning  a  dex)art- 
ment  in  the  Greek  language.    On  a  recent  visit 


k 


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THE   ORTHODOX   CI IVilCll   IX   AMERTCA 


tives  of  the  ()rllio(lox  ( 'liiircli  are  not  the  Shivs 
but  the  (ireeks  because  baek  of  the  humblest, 
poorest  (ireek  ou  our  streets  are  raeuil  trailili(Mis 
rouueeted  with  the  most  si^h-udid  triumphs  of 
the  human  miud  in  art,  ktters,  pliih)S(»phv,  poli- 
ties. The  lau«^ua^e  became  the  veliiele  throui^h 
which  the  New  TestauuMit  was  jiiveu  to  the 
worhl  and  it  is  spoken  to-day  on  the  streets  of 
Athens  in  a  form  less  chan.ued  than  our  own  En<jj- 
lish  since  the  days  of  (Miaucer.  The  (ireeks  are 
peiu^trating  every  section  of  this  country,  the 
nn^tropolitan  centres,  the  Ohio  vaUey,  tlie  towns 
uf  Illinois  and  Iowa,  tlie  Xeva(hi  desert,  Savan- 
nali,  (Miarleston  and  the  cities  of  tlie  south.  At 
Tarpon  8i)rin<is,  Fliu'ida,  within  a  doz(Mi  years 
there  has  ♦•rown  up  such  a  (lre(»k  community 
that  the  local  newspai>er  is  [dannin^'  a  depart- 
ment in  the  (ireek  lan<»'ua^e.     ( )ii  a  recent  visit 


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THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN  AMERICA 


53 


there  I  found  myself  iu  a  spot  more  truly  Greek 
than  new  Greece  on  Halsted  street  in  Chicago. 
The  signs  along-  the  business  street  are  largely 
Greek.     Notices  in  the  railroad  station  are  in 
Greek  and  English.    In  this  centre  of  the  sponge 
industry  there  lie  at  anchor  quaint  diving  boats 
curiously    constructed    on    classic    models    and 
painted  iu  striking  colors.     One  might  imagine 
himself  transported  to  the  picturesque  harbor  of 
8yra  at  the  blessing  of  the  waters  which  takes 
place  here  in  Florida  with  all  the  festive  accom- 
paniments of  the  homeland — street  processions, 
bands  of  music,  diving  for  the  cross,  sale  of  flow- 
ers through  the  town  by  the  Greek  lads.     The 
coffee  houses  are  thronged   with   men   playing 
gami\s,    smoking    Turkish    pipes    and    drinking 
coffee. 

Greek  immigration  is  on  the  increase.    In  1900 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHUKCH  IN  AMERICA 


there  were  nine  thousand  Greeks  in  America.  In 
the  one  year,  1907,  fifty  thousand  entered.  The 
prevailing  Hellenic  names  "  Marathon/'  ''  Olym- 
l)ia;'  ''  Athens,"  on  confectionery  stores  indicate 
the  wide  entrance  of  Greeks  into  the  candy  busi- 
ness notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Plato  placed 
the  ban  on  Athenian  confections  as  an  article  o. 
diet  in  his  ideal  republic. 

At  the  celebration  of  the  Greek  national  festi- 
val in  Savannali  last  spring  the  Bishop  of  Geor- 
gia participated,  and  in  the  procession  rode 
alongside  the  Greek  archimandrite  in  the  car- 
riage. Tlie  scene  was  typical  of  the  good  will 
that  has  ever  existed  l)et ween  the  Greek  and  the 
Anglo-Saxon  and  especially  between  the  Greek 
and  the  American  chureliman.  The  heart  of  the 
Englisli-speaking  world  was  touched  by  the  suf- 
ferings of  Greece  under  Turkish  oppression  and 


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THE  OKTHODOX  CHUllCII   IN   AMEUICA 


tliere  wtvie  nine  thousaiid  Greeks  in  America.  In 
the  ( )ne  year,  11)07,  tifty  tliuusand  entered.  Tin- 
prevailing  Hellenic  names  ''  Marathon/'  'M)lym- 
pia,"  *' Athens;'  on  confectionery  stores  indicate 
the  wide  entrance  of  dreeks  into  the  candy  busi- 
ness notwithstanding  tlie  fact  that  Plato  placed 
the  ban  on  Athenian  confections  as  an  article  o. 
diet  in  his  ideal  republic. 

At  the  ceh^bration  of  the  Greek  national  festi- 
val in  Savannah  last  spring  the  liishoj)  of  (ie()r- 
ia  particiiiated,    and    in    the    procession   rode 
alongside  the  Greek  archimandrite  in  the  car- 
riage.    The  scene  was  typical  of  the  g(H)d  will 
that  has  ever  existed  betweiMi  the  Greek  and  the 
Anglo-Saxon  and  especially  between  the  Greek 
and  the  American  churcliman.    Tlu*  heart  of  the 
English-speaking  world  was  touched  by  the  suf- 
ferings of  (Jreece  under  Turkish  oppression  and 


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THE  ORTHODOX  CHI3RCH  IN  AMERICA 


55 


clnirchineii  were  prouoiiiiced  in  their  attitude  of 
sympathy.  The  elder  Doaiie  gave  voice  to  iiis 
interest  in  a  translation  of  Kiga's  clarion  call, 
**  Sons  of  the  Greeks  Arise/^  which  goes  even  be- 
yond I\vron's  verses  in  representing  the  spirit  of 
Uh^  original.  The  feeling  with  which  the  outcome 
was  viewed  in  many  a  Christian  household  found 
expression  years  after  in  Coxe's  lines : 

*'  Then  swelled  my  boyhood's  soul  to  hear 

The  tale  of  Navariuo  told  : 
When  a  sweet  mother  drew  me  near. 

Showed  the  new  map  and  burned  the  old. 
Here  child,  she  said— thank  God  for  peace, 

Here  Turkey  was—once  more  'tis  Greece." 

The  American  church  gave  immediate  practi- 
cal manifestation  of  her  affection  for  Greece  bv 
sending  a  mission  of  help  in  the  person  of  Kev. 
John  J.  Hill  and  his  wife,  who  arrived  in  Athens 
before  the  Turks  had  surrendered  the  city  to  the 
new  government.  They  found  not  a  single  build- 
ing fit  for  a  dwelling.     Under  most  untoward 


56 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN  AMERICA 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN  AMERICA 


57 


circHiiistaiiees  they    opeiied    a    school  for  girls. 
With    profound    insight    they     realized     there 
was     no     nobler     work     than     to     train     the 
future    mothers    of    Greece.      They    sought     to 
strengthen  the  people  in  their  allegiance  to  their 
aMcient  faith  and  ecclesiastical   heritage.     For 
fifty  years  they  labored  untiringly,  winning  the 
atfection  and  contidence  of  the  nation.    The  name 
of  Dr.  Hill  is  venerated  in  Greece  to-day.    Thus 
American  churchmen    have    been    brought  into 
more  intimate  contact  with  the  church  in  Greece 
than  with  any  other  liranch  of  the  Eastern  com- 
munion. Wiien  the  late  r»ishop  Littlejohn  visited 
Athens  he  had  several  interviews  with  Germanos, 
the  metropolitan,  and  on  Christmas  day,  1894, 
lie  wrote  a  letter  giving  admirable  expression  to 
the  warm  regard  which  Americans  cherish   to- 
ward the  East.     ''  There  are  many  reasons,'^  he 


says,  "  why  we  of  the  remoter  West  should  re- 
gard with  att'ectionate  veneration  all  branches 
of  the  Holy  Eastern  Church  in  communion  with 
tiie  l*atriarch  of  Constantinople.     We  are  not 
unmindful  of  what  she  has  sutfered  and  achieved 
through  ages  of  change,  oppression  and  disaster. 
Wii  are  grateful  for  her  patient  and  courageous 
witness  in  times  of  peril  and  persecution  to  the 
faith  and  order  of  the  primitive  church.    We  are 
glad  to  recognize  her  dignity  and  honor  as  the 
mother  church  of  Christendom.    It  is  part  of  our 
happiness,  as  it  is  also  of  our  strength,  to  know 
that  we  have  much  in  common  with  the  Eastern 
diurch  and  that  in  some  degree  we  are  sharers 
in  her  noblest  treasures.'^ 

For  years  I  have  watched  the  settlement  of  the 
Orthodox  Church  in  America.  Beginning  as  a 
cloud  the  size  of  a  man's  Iiand  this  communion 


58 


THE  ORTHODOX  CHURCH  IN   AMERICA 


I, 


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has  taken  on  strength.    I  have  come  upon  congre- 
gations in  most  unexpected  places,  representing 
some  of  the  most  picturesque  races  of  the  world. 
They  will  be  welded  with  us  in  this  melting  pot 
of  the  nations  and  American  character  will  be 
strengthened  by  coalescing  with  these  new  fac- 
tors*.   If  I  interpret  aright  the  movements  of  di- 
vine Providence    the    coming    of    these  people, 
briujrin<?  their  ancient  faith  and  customs,  at  this 
very  time  when  Christian  unity  is  before  men's 
minds,  is  the  working  out  of  God's  own  purpose 
and  here  in  this  new  land  the  problem  of  unity 
will  be  solved  and  the  influences  will  sweep  back 
to  the  ancient  centres  of  the  faith  until  East  anu 
West  move  forward  one  great  united  body,  fair 
as  the  moon,  clear  iis  ih(^  sun,  terrible  as  an 
army  with  banners,  and  the  earth  shall  be  full 
of  the  knowledge  of  the  Lord  as  the  waters  cover 
the  sea. 


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